Cairo, Egypt; south of Bab Al-Futuh
"Islamic Cairo" building was named after Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, built by Fatimid vizier Gawhar Al-Siqilli, and extended by Badr al-Gamali.
Beginning in the 700s, the Iberian Christian kingdoms had begun the Reconquista aimed at retaking Al-Andalus from the Moors. In 1095, Pope Urban II, inspired by the conquests in Spain by Christian forces and implored by the eastern Roman emperor to help defend Christianity in the East, called for the First Crusade from Western Europe which captured Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli and Jerusalem.
The Islamic Caliphate after the Crusades saw the Mongol invasions from the East of the 13th century, from which some historians believe the eastern Islamic world never fully recovered, and which mark the end of the Islamic Golden Age.The wave of Mongol invasions, which had commenced in the early 13th century under the leadership of Genghis Khan, marked a violent end to the Abbasid era
The global Muslim population had climbed to about 8 per cent as against the Christian population of 14 per cent by 1400.
